New Space Telescope Will Outdistance Hubble
The Hubble Space Telescope has given scientists unprecedented images of the universe. But Hubble is growing older; it's been orbiting Earth for 17 years.
And astronomers are never satisfied. They're working on an even bigger space telescope. Unlike Hubble, which sits right next to Earth, the James Webb Space Telescope is going to be sent to a spot nearly a million miles away.
Scientists started planning this ambitious telescope about 20 years ago. Peter Stockman, head of the James Webb Space Telescope Mission office at the Space Telescope Science Institute in Baltimore, says that, a decade ago, when he would show people sketches of the idea, they were mostly not impressed.
"They would giggle. I think it made them nervous," Stockman recalls. "Nervous like, 'This will never work.' They had no faith that such a thing could be done, and they had some reasons."
After all, this conceptual telescope depended on about 10 technologies that hadn't even been invented. But over time, the project moved forward. And this month, NASA announced that all the prototype technologies had been reviewed and approved by an independent panel. That means the James Webb Space Telescope, named after the second administrator of NASA, should soon become a reality.
To show what the telescope will look like, project managers have built a full-scale model that they've been taking around the country. Stockman says it's an impressive sight.
"It takes your breath away. It's pretty outlandish," he says. "It's so big, and it's unlike any other telescope I've ever seen."
This week, aerospace contractor Northrop Grumman set up the cloth and steel model on the National Mall in Washington, D.C. It looks a lot like a giant ray gun that's about to zap the dome off the Capitol building. But actually, "it collects rays, it doesn't send rays," says Martin Mohan, program manager for the telescope at Northrop Grumman.
He says the light the James Webb telescope will collect is very faint, from stars that are more than 13 billion light years away.
"And a light year is about six trillion miles, so if you do the math it's a long, long way away," he says.
James Webb will see about a half a billion light years farther than Hubble. That means the telescope has to be bigger.
The main part of the telescope is something that looks like a golden satellite dish. This is the light-collecting mirror. It will be made of 18 hexagonal pieces that fit together like a honeycomb.
"The mirror itself is 21 feet in diameter, and it has an area about seven times that of the Hubble Space Telescope," Mohan says.
The mirror sits on top of a sun shield that's as big as a tennis court. It has five layers, and looks like a fancy, silver trampoline.
"It's basically like a huge beach umbrella, if you want to think of it like that," Mohan says. "It's there to put the telescope in the shadow of the sun and the reason is, this telescope has to be very, very cold."
The telescope will be kept at around 370 degrees below zero, Fahrenheit. It needs to be that cold because it's designed to sense infrared radiation, which comes from anything warm. The telescope could be blinded by warmth from the sun or anything else. So it's going to be sent out into the cold of space, nearly a million miles away from Earth, about four times farther away than the moon.
To get there, the whole telescope is going to be folded up like origami and stuffed into a rocket. Once it's in space, it's supposed to deploy itself. If it doesn't, it's going to be too far away to fix, unlike Hubble, which famously had some corrective optics installed by astronauts.
Peter Stockman, at the Space Telescope Science Institute, says that some people find this a little worrisome.
"We have to constantly reassure astronomers, and people who fund us, that these things are being tested sufficiently on the ground, that they won't go wrong," he says.
NASA, along with other space agencies, plans to invest more than $4 billion in building and operating this telescope over its five- to 10-year lifetime. In 2013, if all goes well, the James Webb Space Telescope will head out to its lonely outpost in the blackness of space.
The telescope will capture images of what the universe looked like just 400 million years after the Big Bang.
"We're trying to see, what were the conditions like back then," Stockman says. "How was it that it chose to form into the stars and galaxies and planets that we have today? It's a curiosity and a fascination, and our lives, in a large sense, were affected by what went on then."
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MICHELE NORRIS, host:
Remember the Hubble Telescope? Well it's getting old. It's been orbiting the earth for 17 years. So, astronomers are building an even bigger space telescope that will orbit the earth from much father out in space - out beyond the moon.
NPR's Nell Boyce has the details.
NELL BOYCE: Peter Stockman works at the Space Telescope Science Institute in Baltimore. About 10 years ago, he started showing people sketches of a new kind of space telescope. They were not impressed.
Mr. PETER STOCKMAN (Head, James Webb Space Telescope Mission, Space Telescope Science Institute): They would giggle. I think it made them nervous. Nervous like this will never work. They had no faith that such a thing could be done, and they had some reasons.
BOYCE: After all, the idea depended on about 10 technologies that hadn't even been invented. But over time, the project moved forward. And this month, an independent panel said all those technologies really do work. The James Webb Space Telescope - named after the second administrator of NASA - is about to become a reality. Stockman says to show what the telescope will look like, project managers have built a full-scale model that they've been taking around the country.
Mr. STOCKMAN: It takes your breath away. It's pretty outlandish.
BOYCE: What do you mean?
Mr. STOCKMAN: Because it's so big, and it's unlike any other telescope I've ever seen.
BOYCE: I had to go check it out. This week, the cloth and steel model is set up on the National Mall here in Washington, D.C. To me, it looks like a giant ray gun that's about to zap the dome off the Capitol building.
Mr. MARTIN MOHAN (Program Manager, Northrup Grumman): It's actually the reverse - it collects rays, it doesn't send rays.
BOYCE: That's Martin Mohan of Northrup Grumman, the contractor in charge of building this telescope.
Mr. MOHAN: The light we're trying to collect is from stars that are 13 billion light years away - and a light year is about six trillion miles. So if you do the math, it's a long, long way away.
BOYCE: That's about half a billion light years farther than Hubble can see. To copulate that faint, the telescope has to be bigger. To see how big, we step on to a piece of construction equipment that will take us to the top.
Mr. MOHAN: I love heights.
BOYCE: Are you - you're not scared?
Mr. MOHAN: You know, I'm not scared. No.
BOYCE: Okay. So now we're up pretty high.
Mr. MOHAN: Let's see, we're approaching about, oh, 30 feet.
BOYCE: Face to face with the telescope, would you say?
Mr. MOHAN: We are face on, that's right.
BOYCE: We're hovering over the model in front of something that looks like a golden satellite dish. The telescope's light collecting mirror is going to look very much like this. It will be made of 18 hexagonal pieces that fit together like a honeycomb.
Mr. MOHAN: The mirror itself is 21 feet in diameter and it has an area about seven times that of a Hubble Space Telescope.
BOYCE: The mirror sits on top of a kind of silver trampoline. I can see at down below us - it's as big as a tennis court. Mohan says it's a sun shield.
Mr. MOHAN: It's basically like a huge beach umbrella, if you want to think of it like that. It's there to put the telescope in the shadow of the sun and the reason is, this telescope has to be very, very cold. So, about 30 degrees from absolute zero where all on molecular motion, atomic motion stops.
BOYCE: It needs to be cold because it's designed to sense infrared. It could be blinded by warmth from the sun or anything else. So it's going to be sent nearly a million miles away from earth - four times father away than the moon. To get there, the whole telescope is going to be folded up like origami and stuffs into a rocket.
Once it's in space, it's supposed to deploy itself. If it doesn't, it's going to be too far away to fix. Peter Stockman at the Space Telescope Science Institute says some people find this disturbing.
Mr. PETER STOCKMAN (Official, Space Telescope Science Institute): We have to constantly reassure astronomers and people who fund us, that these things are being tested sufficiently on the ground - that they won't go wrong.
BOYCE: NASA - along with other space agencies - plans to invest over $4 billion in building and operating this telescope. Just six years from now - if all goes well - it will head out to its lonely outpost in the blackness of space.
Nell Boyce, NPR News.
NORRIS: You can see the pictures of the James Webb Telescope model and some of Hubble's greatest images from space at our Web site, npr.org. Transcript provided by NPR, Copyright National Public Radio.
