NASA Unveils Plan To Unstick A Mars Rover
NASA has announced a plan to extricate its rover Spirit, which has been stuck in a Martian sand trap since April.
The space agency will begin transmitting commands to the exploration robot on Monday. Based on tests conducted on Earth this spring that simulated conditions at the Martian site, researchers do not expect the effort to be quick or easy.
"This is going to be a lengthy process, and there's a high probability attempts to free Spirit will not be successful," said Doug McCuistion, director of the Mars Exploration Program.
Spirit has six wheels, though one stopped working in 2006. The first commands will tell the rover to rotate its five working wheels forward approximately six turns. NASA engineers expect that severe wheel slippage is likely, with barely perceptible forward progress in this initial attempt.
When Spirit returns data the next day, engineers will look at the results, and use that information to develop and send commands for a second attempt. NASA plans to continue escape efforts, if necessary, until early 2010.
"Mobility on Mars is challenging, and whatever the outcome, lessons from the work to free Spirit will enhance our knowledge about how to analyze Martian terrain and drive future Mars rovers," McCuistion said. "Spirit has provided outstanding scientific discoveries and shown us astounding vistas during its long life on Mars, which is more than 22 times longer than its designed life."
Built To Last
The two Mars rovers, Spirit and Opportunity, have been at work on Mars since January 2004. The mission was originally designed to be only three months long.
Jim Bell of Cornell University is the scientists in charge of the panoramic cameras, or PanCams. These are the stereo cameras that have been sending back remarkable pictures.
"We never imagined, of course, that they will be doing this well. But the PanCams passed our quarter-million image mark," said Bell.
When asked whether the rover's technology was designed to last this long, or if it's just luck, Bell said: "I mean you can't really talk about overdesigning for something that you never built before. Sony can tell you exactly how long any of its TVs are going to last, because they've built millions of them. But with space vehicles, they're one-offs, they're one-shot deals."
Or this case two-shot deals, because there are two PanCams working on Mars: one on the rover Opportunity, and the other on Spirit.
And it's Spirit that's gone and got itself into trouble.
Stuck In A Sand Trap
Last April, as it was driving south, it broke through a thin layer of crusty soil. What was underneath was extremely fine-grain soil, and Spirit's wheels quickly got stuck.
"We haven't found a clear solution how to get Spirit out of its predicament," said John Callas, the rover project manager. He said the situation is challenging. One of the six rover wheels stopped working three years ago, so moving has been tough for a while.
Now another wheel may be stuck. And the rover's underbelly, what Callas calls "the belly pan," is perilously close to some rocks beneath the rover.
And perhaps worst of all, every time they've tried to move the rover, it's sunk a little deeper. Sinking much farther would be disastrous.
"Because if you put the belly pan of the rover on the ground, that's pretty much game over in terms of trying to get the rover out," said Callas. "Because then you would be burying the weight of the rover on the belly pan and not on the wheels, where you need the traction."
So after months of working on the problem, Callas said on Monday, the team will send the rover instructions to try moving out of the sand the way it came in. NASA managers sound hopeful — but not optimistic — that this will work
Opportunity Is Still Knocking
On the other side of Mars, rover Opportunity is still rolling along. It's on a 12-mile trek across a sandy plain to a large crater, called Endeavor, that scientists want to explore.
Bell said Opportunity is still making cool discoveries. Just the other day it came across a large rock.
"The hope is that this is a piece of Mars that comes from somewhere else," Bell said. "It was thrown out by a big impact crater, and it just happens to have landed in our path. And this is kind of a free way to sample more of Mars than we have been sampling where we are."
One more feather in the rovers' already well-decorated caps.
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MELISSA BLOCK, host:
Today, mission managers at NASA announced how they plan to extricate the Mars rover called Spirit from a predicament. Last April, the rover drove into some soft soil and got stuck.
As NPRs Joe Palca reports, even if the plan fails, the Rover missions have already been successful beyond anybodys wildest dreams.
JOE PALCA: Its hard to blame mission scientist Jim Bell of Cornell University for sounding a bit celebratory when he greets caller.
Professor JIM BELL (Astronomy, Cornell University; Mission Scientist, Mars Pathfinder Mission): Happy sol 2082 of our 90-day mission.
(Soundbite of laughter)
PALCA: Sol is what scientists call a Martian day, slightly longer than an Earth day. Actually, I spoke with him earlier in the week. Today is sol 2084, nearly six Earth years on Mars for what was originally designed to be a three-month mission. Bell is the scientist in charge of the panoramic cameras, or pancams. Theyve been sending back remarkable pictures, just take a look on our Web site, npr.org.
Prof. BELL: We never imagined, of course, that they would be doing this well. But for the pancams, we passed our quarter-million image mark.
PALCA: Did you so crazily over-designed these that they just, you know, they were built for 90 days, but they could last a decade or have you been lucky or either can you see any signs of wear?
Prof. BELL: Its a little bit of both. I mean you cant really talk about over-designing for something that youve never built before. Sony can tell you exactly how long any of its TVs are going to last because they build millions of them. But with space vehicles, theyre one-offs, theyre one-shot deals.
PALCA: Or in this case two-shot deals, because there are two pancams working on Mars: one on the rover Opportunity, the other on the rover Spirit. And its Spirit thats gone and got itself into trouble. Last April, as it was driving south, it broke through a thin layer of crusty soil. What was underneath was extremely fine-grain soil, and Spirits wheels quickly got stuck.
Mr. JOHN CALLAS (Manager, Rover Project): We havent found a clear solution to how to get Spirit out of its predicament.
PALCA: John Callas is the rover project manager. He says the situation is challenging. One wheel on the rover stopped working years ago, now another may be in trouble. And the rovers underbelly, what Callas calls the belly pan, is perilously close to some rocks. And perhaps worst of all, every time theyve tried to move the rover, it sunk a little deeper. Sinking much further would be disastrous.
Mr. CALLAS: Because if you put the belly pan of the rover on the ground, thats pretty much game over in terms of trying to get the rover out, because then you would be bearing the weight of the rover on the belly pan and not on the wheels, where you need the traction.
PALCA: So after months of working on the problem, on Monday, the team will send the rover instructions to try backing out the way it came in. Managers sound hopeful, but not optimistic. Cornells Jim Bell says even if the rescue plan fails, there is still science that Spirit can do. In addition to taking pictures, its robotic arm still works. So Bells says it can do things like
Prof. BELL: analysis of these salty deposits that the rover is stuck in. I mean, its a great place to get stuck if you have to be stuck somewhere.
PALCA: On the other side of Mars, Opportunity is still rolling along. Its on a 12-mile trek across a sandy plain to a crater scientists want to explore. Bell says Opportunity is still making cool discoveries. Just the other day, it came across a large rock.
Prof. BELL: The hope is that this is a piece of Mars that comes from somewhere else. It was thrown out by a big impact crater, and it just happens to have landed in our path. And this is kind of a free way to sample more of Mars than we have been sampling where we are.
PALCA: Possibly one more feather in the rovers already well-decorated cap.
Joe Palca, NPR News, Washington. Transcript provided by NPR, Copyright National Public Radio.
