Can Iraq Lessons Learned Work In Afghanistan?
Members of the Sunni Awakening guard a checkpoint in Samarra, Iraq. - Members of the Sunni Awakening guard a checkpoint in the northern Iraqi city of Samarra in August. The former insurgents joined the U.S. in the fight against al-Qaida and are credited with helping turn the course of the war. (Mahmud Saleh / Getty Images)
The U.S. has officially ended its combat mission in Iraq, while tens of thousands of extra U.S. troops deployed to Afghanistan are moving into place -- and so are their top leaders.
Many of the U.S. military officers who fought in Iraq are now taking charge in Afghanistan, and they bring with them the lessons they learned from Iraq. But the lessons can be both useful and dangerous.
Comparisons between the two wars are inevitable. They begin with the language used to describe them, and one word in particular comes up time and again: surge. President Obama used it himself in his address to the nation this week.
(Mahmud Saleh / Getty Images)
"As with the surge in Iraq," he said, "these forces will be in place for a limited time to provide space for the Afghans to build their capacity and secure their own future."
But Stephen Biddle, a defense analyst who has advised the U.S. military on Afghanistan, says just using the word "surge" can be misleading. "People assume that if the word is the same, the logic is the same," he says, "and it's going to work the same, and I don't think that any of those things are very likely."
The surge -- President George W. Bush's decision to deploy an additional 30,000 troops to Iraq -- is often credited for the turnaround there. But Biddle says that was only one piece of the puzzle. He says it was the Sunni Awakening -- when Sunni leaders stopped fighting the Americans and joined with them against al-Qaida -- that ultimately tipped the scales in favor of the U.S. and its allies.
"The Awakening without the surge would have died under an al-Qaida counterattack," he said. "The surge without the Awakening wouldn't have been nearly large enough to suffocate an insurgency the size of Iraq's. It was the two coming together that made the difference."
President Obama has ordered an additional 30,000 troops to Afghanistan, and commanders there say some villagers are fighting back against the Taliban in certain provinces.
But Leslie Gelb, president emeritus of the Council on Foreign Relations, says a similar awakening in Afghanistan isn't in the cards. "We're not going to be able to turn to the Taliban and say, 'Hey now, will you be on our side?' There's no natural ally in Afghanistan the way the Sunnis were a natural ally in Iraq," he says.
Echoes Of The Awakening
The wars also invite comparison because of who's in charge in Afghanistan: Gen. David Petraeus, the primary architect of the strategy in Iraq. He's asked many of his advisers from that war to help him in Afghanistan.
One of his first moves was to push for the creation of Afghan-run village security forces, which is an idea that echoes elements of the Sunni Awakening in Iraq. At its core, it's an effort to get locals to take control of their own security at the grass-roots level.
Biddle says the experience of Petraeus and his team will shape the questions -- about local security militias and negotiating with insurgent faction leaders. But, he says, their Iraq legacy won't necessarily determine the answers they reach.
Local Support
Analysts point to one big similarity between the wars -- the fact that both are counterinsurgencies, which demand support from the local population. U.S. forces learned how to gain support in Iraq by sipping thousands of cups of tea while talking with local leaders. But Biddle says the big lesson from both wars is that local support for an American agenda can't be taken for granted.
"The local government is not necessarily a closet Thomas Jefferson yearning to break free if only it could get better skills with spreadsheets and some more money for doing trash cleanup," he says.
What worked in Iraq may not apply in Afghanistan. Still, Michael O'Hanlon of the Brookings Institution says Petraeus and his team are better off having had to tackle something similar in Iraq.
"They're not trying to overlearn the lessons of Iraq," he says, "but it has to be giving them a certain amount of confidence that this is at least potentially doable."
Doable is one thing, but winnable is quite another. And in what the president this week called "an age without surrender ceremonies," the biggest similarity between the two wars may be in the unceremonious way they end.
9(MDAyNzUwMDI2MDEyNTA3MTU5NzcyNTQyNA004))
STEVE INSKEEP, host:
It's MORNING EDITION from NPR News. I'm Steve Inskeep.
We've got a report this morning on the place where the nation's two wars meet. A new commander in Afghanistan is working to adapt ideas that seemed to work in Iraq. U.S. troops have been moving out of Iraq. They've been flowing into Afghanistan. And many of the officers who shaped the strategy for one war have moved on to the next. But you can only take the similarities so far.
Here's NPR national security correspondent Rachel Martin.
RACHEL MARTIN: Comparisons between the two wars begin with the language used to describe them, and the word surge is used a lot. President Obama himself did so in his address to the nation this week.
President BARACK OBAMA: As with the surge in Iraq, these forces will be in place for a limited time to provide space for the Afghans to build their capacity and secure their own future.
Dr. STEPHEN BIDDLE (Senior Defense Analyst, Council on Foreign Relations): If it works is going to be very different. And for that reason, I tend not to use the word surge in Afghanistan.
MARTIN: Stephen Biddle is a defense analyst who's advised the U.S. military on Afghanistan.
Dr. BIDDLE: Because people assume that if the word is the same, the logic is the same and it's going to work the same. And I don't think any of those things are very likely.
MARTIN: The surge, President George W. Bush's decision to deploy an additional 30,000 U.S. troops to Iraq, is often credited for the turnaround there. But Biddle says that was only one piece of the puzzle. He says it was really the Sunni Awakening that tipped the scales, when Sunni leaders stopped fighting the Americans and joined with them against al-Qaida.
Dr. BIDDLE: The Awakening, without the surge, would have died under al-Qaida counterattack. The surge, without the Awakening, wouldn't have been nearly large enough to suffocate an insurgency the size of Iraq's. It was the two coming together that made the difference.
MARTIN: But Leslie Gelb, president emeritus of the Council of Foreign Relations, says a similar awakening in Afghanistan isn't in the cards.
Dr. LESLIE GELB (President Emeritus, Council of Foreign Relations): We're not going to be able to turn to the Taliban and say: Hey, now will you be on our side? There's no natural ally in Afghanistan, the way the Sunnis were a natural ally in Iraq.
MARTIN: The wars also invite comparison, because of who's in charge in Afghanistan: General David Petraeus, the primary architect of the strategy in Iraq. He's asked many of his advisors from that war to help him in Afghanistan. One of his first moves, pushing for the creation of Afghan-run village security forces, a program that echoes elements of the Sunni Awakening in Iraq; getting locals to take control of their own security at the grassroots level.
Stephen Biddle says the experience of Petraeus and his team will shape the questions they ask, but not necessarily the answers they reach.
Dr. BIDDLE: What about local security militias? Can we make that work here? What about negotiating with faction leaders on the other side that worked pretty well in Iraq can we make that work here?
MARTIN: Analysts point to one big similarity between the wars. Both are counter insurgencies, which demand support from the local population. U.S. forces learned how to do this in Iraq, sipping thousands of cups of tea while talking with local Iraqi leaders.
But Stephen Biddle says the big lesson from both wars is that local support for an American agenda can't be taken for granted.
Dr. BIDDLE: The local government is not necessarily a closet Thomas Jefferson yearning to break free, if only it could get better skills with spreadsheets and some more money for doing trash clean-up.
MARTIN: What worked in Iraq may not apply in Afghanistan. Still, Michael O'Hanlon of the Brookings Institution says General Petraeus and his team are better off having had to tackle something similar in Iraq.
Dr. MICHAEL O'HANLON (Senior Fellow, Brookings Institution): They're not trying to over learn the lesson of Iraq. But it has to be giving them a certain amount of confidence that this is at least potentially doable.
MARTIN: Doable is one thing, winnable is another. And in what the President this week called an age without surrender ceremonies, the biggest similarity between the two wars may be in the unceremonious way that they end.
Rachel Martin, NPR News, Washington. Transcript provided by NPR, Copyright National Public Radio.
