Trans Fat: When Zero Isn't Really Zero
Here's a question to challenge your nutrition literacy: How much trans fat is likely in a package of cookies that are labeled as having zero grams per serving?
"I would say zero!" said Joanna Robinson, of Washington, D.C., who was grocery shopping this week during her lunch break. "I'd trust the label."
But other shoppers were more skeptical. "More than zero," said Guy Powell.
How To Spot Trans Fat
The way to know if a packaged food contains trans fat is to scan the ingredient label for oils labeled as "partially hydrogenated."
Food manufacturers have relied on hydrogenated oils to add shelf life to products and also to make ingredients stick together better. The process of adding hydrogen molecules to vegetable oils makes them thicker.
Loophole
Yet when Guy Powell checked the packaging of a box of chocolate chip cookies, he noted that the ingredient label listed a partially hydrogenated cottonseed oil.
There's a simple explanation as to why the cookies are labeled as having zero grams of trans fat per serving.
The Food and Drug Administration allows foods to contain up to 0.5 grams of trans fat per serving and still be labeled as having zero grams of trans fat.
Many food companies have reformulated their foods to significantly reduce trans fats following the FDA's labeling requirement.
Kraft Foods, for example, reformulated many of its snack foods leading up to the 2006 regulations.
"A serving size of your classic, iconic Oreo cookies is three cookies," says Laurie Guzzinati, Kraft spokesperson. So if you're eating three cookies, you know you're not exceeding a half gram of trans fat.
Why It Matters
Trans fats consumed at high enough levels have the triple whammy effect of increasing bad cholesterol, lowering good cholesterol and raising triglycerides — all of which contribute to the risk of heart disease.
Lots of consumers don't have any reason to worry about small amounts of trans fats left in processed foods. Especially people like Robinson, who doesn't eat many processed or fried foods.
"I prefer fresh vegetables and unprocessed foods" says Robinson. "So that's another reason I'm generally not concerned about this."
But for people who munch on a few snack foods a day, trans fats can add up incrementally.
Researchers have tested just how little trans fat it takes as a percentage of your overall calorie intake to do damage.
"They found that 3.8 percent of the calorie intake was sufficient to raise LDL," says Lynn Browne, professor of food science at Penn State University. LDL stands for low-density lipoproteins, a type of cholesterol considered bad for health.
In a 2,000-calorie diet, that 3.8 percent translates to about 8 grams of trans fat.
So what's the chance a person would actually eat that much in a day? Well, it would take a serious cookie binge, like wolfing down a whole package of cookies.
But it's also the equivalent of an adult who has coffee cake in the morning, cookies with lunch and then some fries at dinner.
The good news is that across the board — from fast food chains to processed snack foods, trans fats have been reduced in the American food supply by more the 50 percent in the past several years.
"I think it's fair to give the whole food production system a pat on the back," says Michael Jacobson of the Center for Science in the Public Interest. "There's been a remarkable change."
But experts say people should keep reading labels, with an eye toward limiting partially hydrogenated oils.
9(MDAyNzUwMDI2MDEyNTA3MTU5NzcyNTQyNA004))
STEVE INSKEEP, host:
It's MORNING EDITION from NPR News. I'm Steve Inskeep.
RENEE MONTAGNE, host:
And I'm Renee Montagne. In Your Health today, what not to do when you're mad as hell and not going to take it anymore. We'll give you a few minutes to calm down while we give you the skinny on something else: trans fats. Yes, the ones you thought had been banished. Some cities have banned trans fats in restaurants. And public pressure combined with labeling requirements have pushed them out of many processed foods. But as NPR's Allison Aubrey reports, trans fats aren't completely gone.
ALLISON AUBREY: I went to the grocery store this week to give shoppers a quiz.
Ms. JOANNA ROBINSON (Shopper): My name is Joanna.
AUBREY: Joanna…
Ms. ROBINSON: Robinson.
AUBREY: Got it. So my question is, if you're looking at this cookie label here and you see that there are zero grams of trans fat per serving, what's your guess about how much trans fat might be in here?
Ms. ROBINSON: I would say zero. Yes. I would trust the label.
AUBREY: But that's not what every shopper said. Guy Powell is more suspicious about how much trans fat might be in cookies.
Mr. GUY POWELL (Shopper): More than zero.
AUBREY: So you're not buying the zero?
Mr. POWELL: No, I'm not buying the zero.
AUBREY: And what makes you skeptical?
Mr. POWELL: There's a lot of fats in cookies.
AUBREY: And sometimes those are fats that have been made thicker by adding hydrogen molecules. They're listed on food labels as partially hydrogenated cotton seed oil or partially hydrogenated palm kernel oil. There are others too. So it turns out that Guy Powell is right. The zero trans fat world still has some trans fats. But how much?
Laurie Guzzinati is a spokesperson for Kraft Food, which owns the Oreo and Chips Ahoy brands. She says the simple answer is that the FDA allows foods that have up to a half gram of trans fat per serving to be listed as zero on the label.
Ms. LAURIE GUZZINATI (Kraft Food): Anything below .05 grams of trans is appropriately labeled as containing zero grams trans.
AUBREY: So why does this matter? It's because trans fats can have the triple whammy effect of increasing bad cholesterol, lowering good cholesterol and raising triglycerides, all of which contribute to the risk of heart disease.
Now, this isn't going to matter too much to shoppers like Joanna Robinson, because she's not eating too many processed or fried foods.
Ms. ROBINSON: So I prefer, like, fresh vegetables, unprocessed foods. So that's another reason I'm not generally concerned about this.
AUBREY: But for people who munch on a few snack foods a day, trans fats can add up incrementally. Lynn Browne is a professor of food science at Penn State University. She says researchers have tested just how little trans fat it takes as a percentage of your overall calorie intake to do damage.
Professor LYNN BROWNE (Penn State University): They found that 3.8 percent of the calorie intake was sufficient to raise LDL.
AUBREY: That's the bad cholesterol. So in a 2,000 calorie diet the 3.8 percent translates to about eight grams of fat. So what's the chance you'd actually eat that much in a day? Well, it would take a serious cookie binge - say, a teenager wolfing down a whole package of cookies, or an adult who has coffee cake in the morning, cookies with lunch and some fries at dinner.
The good news is that across the board — from fast food chains to processed snack foods - trans fats have been reduced in the American food supply by more than 50 percent in the last several years. But experts say people should keep reading labels with an eye towards limiting partially hydrogenated oils.
Allison Aubrey, NPR News. Transcript provided by NPR, Copyright National Public Radio.
